The natural and surrogate key architectures are two competing approaches to specifying keys in relational databases. We analyze the performance of these approaches with respect to the update complexity and the query data and expression complexity. Our results provide new insights into the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches.

Electrochemical stripping analysis (ESA) is a trace electroanalytical technique for the determination of metal cations, inorganic ions, organic compounds and biomolecules. It based on pre-concentration step target analyte(s), or compound target, suitable working electrode. This followed by accumulated analyte using an technique. Advantages ESA include high sensitivity low limits detection, mult...

Preprocessing of near-infrared spectra to remove unwanted, i.e., non-related spectral variation and selection of informative wavelengths is considered to be a crucial step prior to the construction of a quantitative calibration model. The standard methodology when comparing various preprocessing techniques and selecting different wavelengths is to compare prediction statistics computed with an ...

OBJECTIVES Accurate methods of estimating HIV-1 incidence are critical for monitoring the status of the epidemic and the impact of prevention strategies. Although several laboratory-based tests have been developed strictly for this purpose, several limitations exist and improved methods or technologies are needed. We sought to further optimize a previously described bead-based, HIV-1-specific m...

We present the design, tailoring, and physicochemical properties of a multicomponent polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based polymer doped with spherical nanoparticles modified lipoic acid derivative cyclodextrin its application for electrochemical sensing ferrocene ibuprofen at low concentrations. Each components this hybrid material has specific that can be useful preparation sensors characterized by...

These sensors employ redox reactions to quantify the amount of an analyte. The current flowing through the system or the potential difference between the electrodes as a result of the oxidation and reduction reactions involving the analyte are used for its quantification in the sample. The electrochemical sensors do not suffer from the drawbacks of optical sensors. They have more stable output,...

FIA (flow injection analysis) is a widely used technique for trace element analysis, but has a number of inherent problems. When used to determine the ‘free’ metal concentration, the ‘normal’ reaction time in the manifold, 15–30 s, promotes a significant sequestration of metals from labile and pseudo-labile complexes. Also there is potential for matrix components other than the target analyte t...

Deregulation of gene expression, a hallmark of cancer, is caused by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The rapid accumulation of epigenome maps of various cancers suggests a new avenue of research, namely integrating epigenomic data with other types of omic data for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and biomarker discovery. We introduce the MAPIT algorithm (Multi Analyte Pathway Inference Tool)...

An optothermal analyte preconcentration method is introduced in this work based on temperature gradient focusing. The present approach offers a flexible, noncontact technique for focusing and transporting of analytes. Here, we use a commercial video projector and an optical system to generate heat and control the heat source position, size and power. This heater is used to focus a sample model ...