collapse of egyptian‘s old system and mubarak’s 30 years government, was making the hopes in the mind of revolutionaries that goals of revolution will be available.holding free election was one of these goals that with electing mohammed morsi from muslim brotherhoods for presidential office was accomplished. however, after a year, the elected president mohammed morsi was faced with the protests...

Usually, the problems in AI may be many times related to Philosophy of Mind, and perhaps because this reason may be in essence very disputable. So, for instance, the famous question: Can a machine to think? It was proposed by Alan Turing [16]. And it may be the more decisive question, but for many people it would be a non-sense. So, two of the very fundamental and more confronted positions usua...

According to the language of thought (LOT) approach and the related computational theory of mind (CTM), thinking is the processing of symbols in an inner mental language that is distinct from any public language. Herein, I explore a deep problem at the heart of the LOT/CTM program—it has yet to provide a plausible conception of a mental symbol.

Human strategic interaction requires reasoning about other people's behavior and mental states, combined with an understanding of their incentives. However, the ontogenic development of strategic reasoning is not well understood: At what age do we show a capacity for sophisticated play in social interactions? Several lines of inquiry suggest an important role for recursive thinking (RT) and the...

A number of cognitive and behavioral variables influence the performance in tasks of theory of mind (ToM). Since two of the most important variables, memory and explicit expression, are impaired in schizophrenic patients, the ToM appears inconsistent in these patients. An ideal instrument of ToM should therefore account for deficient memory and impaired ability of these patients to explicitly e...

When people move together, as they dance, march or flirt, it increases affiliation between them. But what about ‘moving together’ produces affiliation: the movements themselves, or the social context of moving ‘together’? We instructed pairs of participants to listen to music and move their arms or legs according to shapes appearing on screen. They either carried out the same movements, or when...

We suspect that people have an everyday theory of mind because they explain and frequently talk about the behaviour of others and themselves in terms of beliefs and desires. Having a theory of mind means that we believe that other people have minds like ours and that we understand the behaviour of these others in terms of the contents of their minds: their knowledge, beliefs and desires. But ho...

The externally observable components of human actions carry only a tiny fraction of the information that matters. Human observers are vastly more interested in perceiving or inferring the mental states the beliefs, desires and intentions that lie behind the observable shell. If a person checks her watch, is she uncertain about the time, late for an appointment, or bored with the conversation? I...