The 3-phase version of the hybrid chiral bag model, containing the phase of asymptotic freedom, the hadronization phase as well as the intermediate phase of constituent quarks, is proposed. For this model the self-consistent solutions, which take into account the fermion vacuum polarization effects, are found in (1+1) D. The renormalized total energy of the bag is studied as a function of its g...

Topological defects are involved in a plethora of physical and astrophysical phenomena. In these lectures, I will review the rôle they could play in the large-scale structure formation and the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background, as well as in various high energy phenomena, including baryon number asymmetry, ultra-high energy cosmic rays, and gamma ray bursts. I will then summarize ...

Bi2-xSbxTe3-ySey has been argued to exhibit both topological surface states and insulating bulk states, but has not yet been studied with local probes on the atomic scale. Here we report on the atomic and electronic structures of Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 studied using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). Although there is significant surface disorder due to alloying of const...

We show that semiconductor nanowires coupled to an s-wave superconductor provide a playground to study effects of interactions between different topological superconducting phases supporting Majorana zero-energy modes. We consider quasi-one dimensional system where the topological phases emerge from different transverse subbands in the nanowire. In a certain parameter space, we show that there ...

Topological insulators are potentially transformative quantum solids with metallic surface states which have Dirac band structure and are immune to disorder. Ubiquitous charged bulk defects, however, pull the Fermi energy into the bulk bands, denying access to surface charge transport. Here we demonstrate that irradiation with swift (∼2.5 MeV energy) electron beams allows to compensate these de...

Honeycomb lattice can support electronic states exhibiting Dirac energy dispersion, with graphene as the icon. We propose to derive nontrivial topology by grouping six neighboring sites of honeycomb lattice into hexagons and enhancing the inter-hexagon hopping energies over the intra-hexagon ones. We reveal that this manipulation opens a gap in the energy dispersion and drives the system into a...

time-dependent schrödinger equation for a 1-d model of hydrogen molecular ion h2+ in intenselaser field linearly polarized along the molecular axis is solved. ionization rates are calculated for differentinitial states. the evolution of electronic wavefunction at fixed inter-nuclear separations are simulated andanalyzed. the results obtained for the ground state of this 1-d model of h2+ show ap...

of the extent of binding. This effect (known informally as "Chip dip") is illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7 which concern the ethidium bromide/tRNA system. 41 In this case the free ethidium bromide has a lifetime of 1.86 nsec and a rotational relaxation time of 0.54 nsec. On binding the PhetRNA Phe the lifetime increases to 26 nsec and the rotational relaxation increases to 136 nsec. A single rotati...

In this paper, we define topological hyperrings and study their basic concepts which supported by illustrative examples. We show some differences between topological rings and topological hyperrings. Also, by the fundamental relation $\Gamma^{*}$, we indicate the role of complete parts (saturated subsets) and complete hyperrings in topological hyperrings and specially we show that if every (clo...