Motivation: Planting urban trees is important for development. Foliage reflects, scatters, and absorbs incoming shortwave solar radiation, thus reducing the energy flow to underlying surface, including streets, houses, humans. Shaded areas, with primarily anthropogenic substrates, are not as heated nonshaded areas. Subsequently, temperature, radiation its influence on morbidity of fauna flora c...

background and purpose: the problematic reduction of civic engagement in local communities of khuzestan province in the southwest of iran has became a serious issue for research in social planning and policy making. efforts have been made to study the risk factors as the deterrents to engaging in the society. methods: this study aims to investigate the factors influencing civic engagement among...

CONTEXT Since the 1990s, Mongolia has undergone a rapid social and economic transition with migration to the urban areas of the national capital Ulaanbaatar. The main reasons for the migration are social sector decline in rural areas and the potential for employment opportunities in urban areas. There are also new internal patterns of migration in rural and remote areas relating to recent devel...

Policy towards local bus transport in Britain has been quite sharply cyclical. The late 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of a planned approach to the provision of local bus services, associated with the creation of the National Bus Company in public hands, the development of the Passenger Transport Executives in urban areas with important planning functions, and the growth of public subsidy fro...

General purpose of GIS is extracting information/knowledge from the raw geo-data. The rawdata is collected from sensors, satellites or any other ways and stored in databases or file systems. The data goes through the filtering and rendering services and, presented to the endusers in human recognizable formats such as images, graphs, charts etc. A well-known example of GIS is map viewers which p...

Urban traffic management problems have taken an important place in most of transportation research fields, hence the emergence of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) as an essential part of the intelligent transportation system ITS, that intervenes to improve and facilitate traffic management also control as far as improve global driving experience in the future. Indeed the concept of smart city o...

Cities present significant opportunities for new landscape perspectives that can help inform conservation and development decisions. Early in the twenty-first century, the majority of the planet’s population became urban as more people lived in city-regions for the first time in our history. As the global population increases, so does this urbanization. The environmental challenges of populatio...

introduction ecosystem services are the benefits that human derives from the ecosystems. these are servicessuch as goods and products (e.g., fresh water, fuel), regulation of natural processes (e.g., climate, flooding, erosion), and nonmaterial benefits (e.g., recreation, aesthetic enjoyment). many cities are located in the important ecological areas. currently 29 out of the 825 ecological zone...