introduction: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) is highly expressed in the hippocampus, which has a pivotal role in reward-related memories and morphine dependence. methods: in the present study, morphine tolerance was induced in male wistar rats by 7 days repeated morphine injections once daily, and then gene expression profile of α-isoform of camkii (camkiiα) in the hipp...

Withdrawal from nicotine decreases the activity of brain reward systems, measured in rats by elevations of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds. This reward deficit is hypothesized to contribute to the persistence of the tobacco habit in tobacco smokers. Accumulating evidence suggests that aspects of drug withdrawal may become conditioned to previously neutral environmental stimuli v...

The cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-CN), distributes and localizes in the ventral periaqueductal central gray (PAG) of the brainstem, which may influence actual composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for non-synaptic signal transmission via releasing or absorbing bioactive substances. Many experiments have demonstrated that substance P (SP), a substance that is shown to be up-...

Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Hypotheses on factors affecting in–river survival .......................................................... 2 Delayed mortality effects................................................................................................ 4 Exploring larger impacts.........

Pain thresholds were recorded in rats by progressive increase in electrical stimulation to induce tail withdrawal, vocalisation and vocalisation after discharge. It was observed that castration resulted in significant reduction of pain threshold which however returned to normal level on substitution with testosterone therapy.

Pavlovian conditioning theories of drug dependence argue that drugor withdrawal-associated cues elicit motivational conditioned responses that enhance the likelihood or intensity of drugtaking behavior. The present experiment assessed whether drug-associated cues can elicit a con· ditioned withdrawal reaction in rats. In support of previous research, we found clear evidence for conditioned with...