The Royal Menagerie of England was established at the Tower of London in the 13th Century and served as a home of exotic animals until it was closed on behalf of the Duke of Wellington in 1835. Two well-preserved lion skulls recovered from the moat of the Tower of London were recently radiocarbon-dated to AD 1280-1385 and AD 1420-1480, making them the earliest con rmed lion remains in the Brit...

The purpose of this study is to analyze the history and progress Ottoman Turks for Islamic World. Historically, founder kingdom was a Turkic nation from Oghuz tribe, whose name Ertugrul, he pioneer Empire who died in 1289 AD. Later, leadership continued by his son, Uthman. Uthman bin Ertugrul considered empire. There are nine phases, namely first second phases as pioneering founding Empire, thr...

The boat timbers discovered in the Islamic port of Al Baleed southern Oman constitute a unique collection within context Indian Ocean’s maritime technology between 10th and 15th centuries AD (Belfioretti, Vosmer 2010). consist planks from sewn-boats that have been recycled site’s buildings, include preserved ropes, caulking material decorative motifs. A study remains reveals variety forms, tech...

The article analyzes the socio-political organization of the Pskov Veche republic in the 13th–15th centuries, particularly the changes in personnel and in competences of the Pskov princes, the authority and the officials of the princely administration. The article shows the evolution of the sotnia (a hundred unit) organization from the princely one into the republican one. The research reveals ...

background: the main goal of this study was to conduct a comparative population genetic study of turkish speaking iranian azeris as being the biggest ethno-linguistic community, based on the polymorph markers on y chromosome.  methods: one hundred turkish-speaking azeri males from north-west iran (tabriz, 2008-2009) were selected based on living 3 generations paternally in the same region and n...

OBJECTIVES Famine can be defined as a shortage of foodstuffs that instigates widespread excess mortality due to starvation, infectious disease, and social disruption. Like other causes of catastrophic mortality, famine has the potential to be selective. This study examines how famines in medieval London were selective with respect to previous stress, age, and sex. METHODS This study compares ...

in this essay, through pondering into meaing of a line of verse versified by khaghani shervani and surveying and criticism on the points which have been purposed about its intrerpretation and description since of yore, we have tried to explain about term “myan khane” (literally world field) within the poem of this leading versifier (6th hegira cen./ 13th ad cen.). it seems such interpretation f...