Choline is a water-soluble nutrient that is often grouped with the vitamin B complex. However, its functions suggest it is more than just another vitamin. Choline is crucial for the normal function of all cells (Zeisel and Blusztajn, 1994). It is needed for the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes; it directly affects cholinergic neurotransmission; it is the major sour...

Involuntary culling (IC) is where a cow is disposed of due to injury, poor health or infertility. The main reasons for IC are infertility, mastitis and lameness. These reasons have differing age profiles in when they affect cows, cost variable amounts to treat and have an effect on the value of the cow at market. They also reduce cow welfare in different ways. These factors influence the econom...

NoSQL databases are rapidly becoming the storage of choice for large-scale Web applications. However, for the sake of scalability these applications trade consistency for availability. In this paper, we regain control over this tradeoff by adapting an existing approach, version control (VC), to application state. By using VC, the data model is defined by the application and not by the database....

Most people in the United States could soon know someone whose genome is held in a research database. Concerns are growing about our ability to properly control access to that information. Also growing among some scientists is the feeling that restricting access to genomic data fetters research. How long will it be until an idealistic and technically literate researcher deliberately releases ge...