background: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt signaling pathway is recognized as a key driver of cancer cell survival and proliferation, and is often contingent upon an impairment of expression/function of the pten tumor suppressor, a negative regulator of this pathway. in addition, the cytoskeletal signaling protein tensin 2 has also been implicated as a negative regulator of this pathway....

AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of existence of thyroid extratumoral normo- and microfollicular tissue in patients with thyroid carcinoma and peculiarities of apoptosis in mentioned tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using samples of normo- and microfollicular thyroid tissue it was determined the content of fragmented DNA and intensity of stimulated internucleosomal DNA fra...

Cold thyroid nodules (CTNs) are characterized by a reduced iodide uptake in comparison to normal thyroid tissue. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the first step in thyroid hormone synthesis and mediates the active iodide transport in the thyroid cells suggesting that decreased iodide uptake could be a result of changes in NIS expression or molecular defects in the NIS gene. In contrast to p...

Purpose: Preoperative localization studies for parathyroid adenomas are very essential to perform minimal invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) with decreased operative time and potential complications. Although most of these studies based on radiological imaging, intraoperative assessment provides the most accurate anatomical description of the location of parathyroid adenomas. In this study, we ai...

Introduction: Lingual thyroid is the presence of thyroid tissue in the midline anywhere between the circumvallate papillae of tongue and the epiglottis. It occurs due to embryonic failure of normal thyroid tissue to descend from base of tongue to neck. Case report: A 16 year old female presented with dysphagia and a mass was seen at base of tongue. Ultrasound showed absence of normal thyroid gl...

Introduction: Lingual thyroid is the presence of thyroid tissue in the midline anywhere between the circumvallate papillae of tongue and the epiglottis. It occurs due to embryonic failure of normal thyroid tissue to descend from base of tongue to neck. Case report: A 16 year old female presented with dysphagia and a mass was seen at base of tongue. Ultrasound showed absence of normal thyroid gl...

Homeodomain, forkhead domain, and paired domain-containing transcription factors play a major role in development, tissue-specific gene expression, and tissue homeostasis in organs where they are expressed. Recently, their roles in stem cell and cancer biology are emerging. In the thyroid, NKX2-1, FOXE1, and PAX8 transcription factors are responsible for thyroid organogenesis and expression of ...

BACKGROUND Individuals with active celiac disease (CD+) have an increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction, which improves on a gluten-free diet (CD-). We investigated whether tissue transglutaminase-2 IgA antibodies (anti-TGase II) present in sera of patients with celiac disease react with thyroid tissue and possibly contribute to thyroid disease. METHODS Serum from 40 active celiac patients...

INTRODUCTION The presence of benign thyroid tissue that is located on the side of the neck is extremely rare and not related to the development of the thyroid, and it is difficult to differentiate it from thyroid carcinoma metastasis.The parasitic thyroid nodule occurs when thyroid tissue located in the lateral neck has no relationship or association with the lymph nodes, and may be defined as ...