Abstract. Chemistry transport models (CTMs) play an important role in understanding fluxes and atmospheric distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2). They have been widely used for modeling CO2 through forward simulations inferring inversion systems. With the increasing availability high-resolution observations, it has become possible to estimate at higher spatial resolution. In this work, we implem...

Formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) represents a transfer of upper layer water to abyssal depths at a rate of 15 to 20 x 10 6 m3/s. NADW spreads throughout the Atlantic Ocean and is exported to the Indian and Pacific Oceans by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and deep western boundary currents. Naturally, there must be a compensating flow of upper layer water toward the northern Nort...

Kentucky is located in a unique ecological situation between the cold winters of northern prairie states and the very mild winters of the deep-south. Though cold enough to stop most insect activity during mid-winter, the great variation in date of first frost, fall onset of continuous cold, and spring onset of general warm weather makes it particularly difficult to predict insect impact in any ...

What You Can’t See Can Hurt You! Summer is here, the weather is warm and thoughts turn to sandy beaches and sunbathing as well as outdoor sports. While we may think to protect our skin from sunlight, we tend to forget about the eye. Both visible and invisible or ultraviolet (UV) portions of sunlight can damage the eye, lids and surrounding skin. The nature of the injury varies with the amount a...

The physical mechanism for the amplitude asymmetry of SST anomalies (SSTA) between the positive and negative phases of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is investigated, using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) and NCAR–NCEP data. It is found that a strong negative skewness appears in the IOD east pole (IODE) in the mature phase [September–November (SON)], while the skewness in the IOD west pole...

This study was carried out using two sets of numerical weather forecast data and flight reports for Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) over Iranian Plato to find atmospheric flow patterns favorable to the formation of CAT. The numerical data include five months of AVN analysis with horizontal resolution of 1 degree(about 100 km) and four months forecast data of MM5 model with resolution of 50 km. Impor...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between cold periods and coronary events, and the extent to which climate, sex, age, and previous cardiac history increase risk during cold weather. DESIGN A hierarchical analyses of populations from the World Health Organisation's MONICA project. SETTING Twenty four populations from the WHO's MONICA project, a 21 country register made between ...

after prolonged periods of quiet upright posture (such as standing in a queue, standing in a shower, or even sitting for long periods), after being in a warm environment (such as in hot summer weather, a hot crowded room, a hot shower/ bath), immediately after exercise after emotionally stressful events after eating, when blood flow has shifted to the gut during the process of digestion.