Advances in genetic manipulation in mice have made knockout, knock-in, and transgenic mice highly useful for elucidation of gene function and structure. In many cases the mice are engineered to include a reporter gene, for example, β-galactosidase (lacZ) or green fluorescent protein (GFP). The reporter gene enables visualization of the expressing cells and tissues in both the heterozygous and m...

Molecular characterization of morphologic change requires exquisite tissue morphology and RNA preservation; however, traditional fixatives usually result in fragmented RNA. To optimize molecular analyses on fixed tissues, we assessed morphologic and RNA integrity in rat liver when sections were fixed in 70% neutral-buffered formalin, modified Davidson's II, 70% ethanol, UMFIX, modified Carnoy's...

wire-brushing is used for different purposes such as removing metal surfaces oxides, increasing surface brightness, improving fatigue properties and surface activation before coating. the wire-brushing severely scratches and stirs the metals in the surface layers, so that complicated metal flow gives rise to very large amount of plastic strain and increases dislocation density of the surface la...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aging protocols on surface gloss of composites. Cylindrical resin composite specimens (6 mm in diameter, 1 mm thick) were fabricated and divided into three groups (N = 60): microfilled (MiFi), nanohybrid (NaHy), and nanofilled (NaFi). Specimens were distributed into four aging subgroups: thermocycling (5° to 55°C, 15,000 cycles); ethanol i...

We present methods for embedding brain tissue in Lowicryl K4M embedding medium and localizing antigens using postembedding immunogold techniques. After perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, blocks of rat brain were placed in 2% aqueous uranyl acetate for 1 hour, dehydrated in 50%, 70%, and 95% ethanol, infiltrated with Lowicryl/ethanol m...

This study evaluated the effect of organic solvent (acetone or ethanol) on the microtensile bond strengths (MTBS) of an adhesive system applied to dry and moist dentin. Sixteen extracted human third molars were ground to expose a flat occlusal dentin surface and acid etched for 20 seconds (20% phosphoric acid gel, Gluma Etch 20 Gel, Heraeus/Kulzer). After rinsing the acid etchant, an ethanol-ba...

Switchgrass is a promising feedstock for value-added applications due to its high productivity, potentially low requirements for agricultural inputs and positive environmental impacts. The objective of this paper is to review published research on the conversion of switchgrass into bioethanol and other value-added products. Environmental benefits associated with switchgrass include the potentia...

Wide band gap materials show promise for applications in coating of field emission tips. Recently nanocrystalline hexagonal GaN crystallites as small as 5 nm average diameter have been formed using reactive laser ablation of gallium metal in a nitrogenating ambient. In this paper we have investigated the performance of ungated emitter. Silicon tip arrays coated by dielectrophoresis of gallium n...

Ethanol is a highly combustible chemical universally designed for biomedical applications. In this paper, optical sensing performance of tapered multimode fiber tip coated with carbon nanotube (CNT) thin film towards aqueous ethanol with different concentrations is investigated. The tapered optical multimode fiber tip is coated with CNT using drop-casting technique and is annealed at 70 °C to e...