Problem and Motivation. Atomic (linearizable) read/write memory is among the fundamental abstractions in distributed computing. Fault-tolerant implementations of atomic objects in message-passing systems allow processes to share information with precise consistency guarantees in the presence of asynchrony and failures. A seminal implementation of atomic memory of Attiya et al. [1] gives a singl...

Abstract We provide a detailed history of the concepts atomic number and isotopy before discovery protons neutrons that draws attention to role evolving interplays multiple aims criteria in chemical physical research. Focusing on research by Frederick Soddy Ernest Rutherford, we show that, context differentiating disciplinary projects, adoption complex shifting concept elemental identity orderi...

KNOWLEDGE of the atomic-scale structure is an important prerequisite to understand and control the properties of materials. In the case of crystals, it is obtained solely from the Bragg peaks in their diffraction pattern and is given in terms of a small number of atoms placed in a unit cell subjected to symmetry constraints. However, many materials of technological importance, such as glasses, ...

Accurate knowledge about the distribution of atomic oxygen is crucial for many studies of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Direct measurements of atomic oxygen by the resonance fluorescence technique at 130 nm have been made from many sounding rocket payloads in the past. This measurement technique yields atomic oxygen profiles with good sensitivity and altitude resolution. However, accur...

Virtually all X-rays imaging in a medical or biological context is performed by measuring differences in the attenuation of X-rays by the tissues. The material properties are inferred from the differences in the number of photons detected at the end of defined paths in the sample. Naturally then this form of X-ray imaging concentrates almost entirely on the particle side of X-ray behaviour. The...

For spin-polarized junctions of ferromagnetically contacting multiple conductive paths, such as ferromagnet (FM)/atomic wires/FM and FM/carbon nanotubes/FM junctions, we theoretically investigate spin-dependent transport to elucidate the intrinsic relation between the number of paths and conduction, and to enhance the magnetoresistance (MR) ratio. When many paths are randomly located between th...

The present study outlines an important area in the application of computer modelling to interface phenomena. Being relevant to the fundamental physical problem of competing atomic interactions in systems with reduced dimensionality, these phenomena attract special academic attention. On the other hand, from a technological point of view, detailed knowledge of the fine atomic structure of surfa...

In this paper, we have tried to find a solution for quick transfer of nuclear wastes from pools of cool water to dry stores to reduce the environmental concerns and financial cost of burying atomic waste. Therefore, the rate of heat transfer from atomic waste materials to the outer surface of the container should be increased. This can be achieved by covering the bottom of the pool space with c...