Herein we explore facile synthesis of 4-(3H)-Qunazolinone derivatives, achieved by the cyclocondensation of anthranilic acid, aromatic amines and triethyl orthoformate in presence of thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) as a catalyst, using grinding method. This protocol offers several advantages such as reusability of catalyst, excellent yield, shorter reaction time and economic availability.Qu...

Amidoalkyl-2-naphthols as synthetic intermediates play an important role in medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable biological and many pharmacological properties. Owing to the versatile biological activities, industrial and synthetic applications of these compounds, introduction of an alternative methodology is urgent in synthetic organic chemistry. Low yield and harsh reaction conditions ...

Amidoalkyl-2-naphthols as synthetic intermediates play an important role in medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable biological and many pharmacological properties. Owing to the versatile biological activities, industrial and synthetic applications of these compounds, introduction of an alternative methodology is urgent in synthetic organic chemistry. Low yield and harsh reaction conditions ...

Recognition of different agents including chemical and biological plays important role in forensic, biomedical and environmentalfield.In recent decades, nanotechnology and nano materials had a high impact on development of sensors. Using  nanomaterials in construction of biosensors can effectively improve the Sensitivity and other features of biosensors. Different type of nanostructures includi...

Preface .............................................................................................................v List of Color Plates .......................................................................................... ix Companion Tables of

BIODEFENSE PLANNING BY THE U.S. government emphasizes the use of medical countermeasures, including drugs and vaccines, to prepare for and respond to attacks involving biological weapons.1–4 Currently, medical countermeasures are available for only a fraction of biological threats, including those representing the highest risk, as determined by the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) threat...

The introduction of new anticancer drugs into the clinic is often hampered by a lack of qualified biomarkers. Method validation is indispensable to successful biomarker qualification and is also a regulatory requirement. Recently, the fit-for-purpose approach has been developed to promote flexible yet rigorous biomarker method validation, although its full implications are often overlooked. Thi...

Emx1 and Emx2 genes are known to be involved in mammalian forebrain development. In order to investigate the evolution of the Emx gene family in vertebrates, a phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the Emx genes sequenced in man, mice, frogs, coelacanths and zebrafish. The results demonstrated the existence of two clades (Emx1 and Emx2), each grouping one of the two genes of the investigated...

In the last decade, three countries have figured prominently as cases of late-late developing countries that achieved worldwide success with their Information Technology (IT) industries: India, Ireland, and Israel. This paper focuses on the Israeli case and argues that unlike India and Ireland, Israel’s competitive advantage in the IT industries, is in Research and Development (R&D). This compe...