Weekly affective symptom severity and polarity were compared in 135 bipolar I (BP I) and 71 bipolar II (BP II) patients during up to 20 yr of prospective symptomatic follow-up. The course of BP I and BP II was chronic; patients were symptomatic approximately half of all follow-up weeks (BP I 46.6% and BP II 55.8% of weeks). Most bipolar disorder research has concentrated on episodes of MDD and ...

BACKGROUND Heterogeneity within the diagnostic construct of bipolar disorder is most likely an obstacle to discovering its causes. Phenomena in the bipolar spectrum, including rapid cycling, cyclothymia, and affective instability of borderline personality, may be important markers of etiologic heterogeneity. Rapid switching of mood may be central to these phenomena. METHODS We performed a cas...

OBJECTIVE To determine the risk for bipolar I disorder in first-degree relatives of children with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder via meta-analysis and expanded controlled study. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION For the meta-analysis, PubMed was searched for scientific articles published in the world literature in English through 2011. The keywords searched were bipolar disorder, first-degree relatives,...

In this research study, we present a novel frame work for handling bipolar fuzzy soft information by combining bipolar fuzzy soft sets with graphs. We introduce several basic notions concerning bipolar fuzzy soft graphs and investigate some related properties. We also consider the application of the bipolar fuzzy soft graphs. In particular, three efficient algorithms are developed to solve mult...

INTRODUCTION Impaired executive and memory function is a putative genetic trait marker of bipolar I disorder (BPD I). Although executive/memory function has been posited to be an endophenotype of BPD I, it is unclear whether this extends to bipolar spectrum illness. It is also unclear to what extent non-genetic factors such as childhood abuse, alcoholism and medication influence neurocognitive ...

BACKGROUND The array of different diagnoses and clinical presentations seen in the family members of bipolar probands suggests a quantitative or spectrum phenotype. Consistent with this idea, it has been proposed that an underlying quantitative variation in temperament may be the primary phenotype that is genetically transmitted and that it in turn predisposes to bipolar disorder (BP). Choosing...

BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is complex and can be difficult to diagnose. It is often misdiagnosed as recurrent major depressive disorder. AIMS We had three main aims. To estimate the proportion of primary care patients with a working diagnosis of unipolar depression who satisfy DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder. To test two screening instruments for bipolar disorder (the Hypomania Checklis...

1. Agents called ‘‘antidepressants’’ also treat multiple anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder; impulsive/compulsive spectrum disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder; eating disorders, such as bulimia; and pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain. Agents called ‘‘antipsychotics’’ are also prov...

OBJECTIVE In order to compare their validity, this review applies scientific standards for sustaining the neuroses, the schizophrenias and bipolar disorders as separate "bona-fide" psychiatric diseases. The standards for disease validation demand specific and unique symptoms. METHOD We review a wide variety of clinical and basic science comparisons between schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar ...