in classical philosophy, a collection of suppositions that man attempts to discover and explains their truth on the basis of conformity criterion is called ma‘rifa (intuitive knowledge). the desirable ma‘rifa is one which possesses the two qualities of objectivity and necessity. such ma‘rifa should undoubtedly be conceived in a process that both guarantees the reflection of the realities of mat...

In this paper I will attempt to characterise the difference between ontological and non-ontological categories for the sake of a better understanding of the subject matter of ontology. My account of ontological categories defines them as equivalence classes of a certain family of equivalence relations that are determined by ontological relations. As a result, the demarcation problem for ontolog...

The past decade has witnessed an increased interest in what are called "medically unexplained syndromes" (MUS). We address the question of whether structuring the domain knowledge for MUS can be achieved by applying the principles of Ontological Realism in light of criticisms about their usefulness in areas where science has not yet led to insights univocally endorsed by the relevant communitie...

Although sorts and unary predicates are semantically identical in order-sorted logic, they are classified as different kinds of properties in formal ontology (e.g. sortal and non-sortal). This ontological analysis is an essential notion to deal with properties (or sorts) of objects in knowledge representation and reasoning. In this paper, we propose an extension of an order-sorted logic with th...

Confucius associates the good and beautiful. Li (translated variously as “ritual propriety,” “ritual,” “etiquette,” or “propriety”) embodies entire spectrum of interaction with humans, nature, even material objects. I argue that attempts to introduce an ethical ontology, not “what,” but “the way.” The “way” reality becomes known deliberate participation Dao. In other words, through interaction....

Knowledge bases, data bases and object-oriented systems (referred to in the paper as Object-Centered systems) all rely on attributes as the main construct used to associate properties to objects; among these, a fundamental role is played by the so-called part-whole relation. The representation of such a structural information usually requires a particular semantics together with specialized inf...