Data from lesser-studied languages help to delineate parameters of typological variation. The paper presents experimental work on prosodic marking of information structure in selected African languages. The languages investigated exemplify the cross-linguistic variety found in prosodic focus marking by either lacking marking of information structure by purely prosodic means, or by lowering pitc...

Little attention has been paid to the use of multi-sample batch-marking studies, as it is generally assumed that an individual's capture history is necessary for fully efficient estimates. However, recently, Huggins et al. (2010) present a pseudo-likelihood for a multi-sample batch-marking study where they used estimating equations to solve for survival and capture probabilities and then derive...

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A task-given-type examination is a system of compiling questions for examinations. In this system, teachers show students some samples of examination questions beforehand, which in turn, teachers choose questions for a examination from these samples, and then give them to the students at the examination. It is very important to develop supportive software for marking, because this system requir...

Traditionally, automatic marking has been restricted to item types such as multiple choice that narrowly constrain how students may respond. More open ended items have generally been considered unsuitable for machine marking because of the difficulty of coping with the myriad ways in which credit-worthy answers may be expressed. Successful automatic marking of free text answers would seem to pr...

A common method to determine the order of minimal realization of a continuous linear time invariant descriptor system is to decompose it into slow and fast subsystems using the Weierstrass canonical form. The Weierstrass decomposition should be avoided because it is generally an ill-conditioned problem that requires many complex calculations especially for high-dimensional systems. The present ...

This paper contributes to the recent investigations of speechaccompanying gestures under a formal semantic view. We show that gestures can serve to disambiguate a sentence with respect to its possible focus domains. We provide a statistical evaluation of data gained from a corpus annotated with gestures and information structure. The language under investigation is German. We argue that a sente...

Our aim is to investigate computational linguistics (CL) techniques in marking short free text responses automatically. Successful automatic marking of free text answers would seem to presuppose an advanced level of performance in automated natural language understanding. However, recent advances in CL techniques have opened up the possibility of being able to automate the marking of free text ...

An efficient method is presented for signalling link price information using single-bit marks. The algorithm exploits side information in the IPid field of the IP header to allow the maximum price on a flow’s path to be estimated. The algorithm automatically adapts the resolution with which the price is quantised, depending on how quickly the price changes, and allows non-uniform quantisation t...