[1] Estimating transpiration and water flow in trees remains a major challenge for quantifying water exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere. We develop a finite element tree crown hydrodynamics (FETCH) model that uses porous media equations for water flow in an explicit three-dimensional branching fractal tree-crown system. It also incorporates a first-order canopy-air turbulence clo...

This paper reports a new route to synthesize calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-based nanoscale ionic materials (NIMs) via an in situ formation method to form the CaCO3 nanoparticles with a polysiloxane quaternary ammonium salt (PQAC) corona (PQAC-CaCO3 nanoparticles), followed by an ionic exchange reaction to fabricate a poly(ethylene glycol)-tailed sulfonate anion (NPEP) canopy. The chemical compositi...

The advent and recent advances of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) have enabled accurate measurement of 3D ecosystem structure. Here, we review insights gained through the application of LiDAR to animal ecology studies, revealing the fundamental importance of structure for animals. Structural heterogeneity is most conducive to increased animal richness and abundance, and increased complexity...

Longwave radiation is often the dominant source of energy for snowmelt in forests. Measurements at forest sites varying density Sweden and Finland show that downwelling longwave enhanced under canopies, even sparse canopies particularly clear skies. Canopy must be estimated accurately to predict this enhancement. Linear regression with above-canopy air temperature as predictors sub-canopy gives...

Researches have shown that 3D vegetation structure exerts a strong influence on radiation transmission and changes radiation and energy balance at the land surface. Vegetation spatial structure including plant height, biomass, vertical and horizontal heterogeneity, is an important factor influencing the exchanges of matter and energy between the landscape and atmosphere, and the biodiversity of...

in order to study the effect of elevation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the humid forests of guilan shafaroud, series 17, 16 and 7 were selected that fall in to three height classes; class 1 (‏less than 500 m), class 2 (‏500 – 1000 m) and class 3 (‏1000 – 1600 m). in height class 1, 2 and 3 sample plots were determined as 4, 15 and 20 respectively and each sample plot was 0...

We studied the effects of variation in shoot structure and needle morphology on the distributions of light and nitrogen within a Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) canopy. Specifically, we investigated the role of morphological shade acclimation in the determination of resource use efficiency, which is claimed to be optimal when the distribution of nitrogen within the canopy is...

We investigated effects of nutrient availability on shoot structure and light-interception efficiency based on data from control (C) and irrigated + fertilized (IL) trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The sampling of 1-year-old shoots was designed to cover the variation in canopy exposure within the live crown zone, where current-year shoots were still found. Canopy openness was u...

Operational assessment of forest structure is an on-going challenge for land managers, particularly over large, remote or inaccessible areas. Here, we present an easily adopted method for generating a continuous map of canopy height at a 30 m resolution, demonstrated over 2.9 million hectares of highly heterogeneous forest (canopy height 0–70 m) in Victoria, Australia. A two-stage approach was ...