The Abbasid dynasty adopted a system of appointing caliph based on lineage, just like the Umayyah dynasty. This event as inversely proportional to what happened at time prother Muhammad SAW, who appointed with deliberations among Muslims. appointment hereditary wa one factors for collapse Islam during dynasty, due occurrance bloody events and everthrow office when crown prince was elected. As r...

the family of najaf ali isfahani were unique in safawid and qajar periods. no family has played a more prominent role in the painting of court life as more as najaf ali’s family. najaf ali in recognition of his work in lacquer painting was foremost among the lacquer painters. under afsharid and  zand  periods, lacquer works further developed and ali ashraf was one of prominent painters in this ...

Semiran city-castle consists of a series monuments dated in the 10th century AD1, located on banks Qezel Owzan River, north-western Iran. On this river, Sefid-rud Dam has been built (1956-1962), behind which lake developed. At time its dewatering, it turned landscape into peninsula, causing significant damage to ancient sites. The following study presents results an archaeological survey, made ...

This article studies Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) in Qing-dynasty (1644-1911) Republican-era (1911-1949) Shanxi province. These were communally based financial institutions crucial to the traditional Chinese economy. Drawing on previously unused primary sources this examines historical ROSCAs from perspective of risk management. It finds that ROSCA credit was collateralised...

Paleoparasitology is the application of conventional or molecular investigative techniques to archeological samples in order to reveal parasitic infection patterns among past populations. Although pioneering studies already have reported key paleoparasitological findings around the world, the same sorts of studies had not, until very recently, been conducted in sufficient numbers in Korea. Mumm...

one of the most important tekyes in iran and one of the most important islamic buildings in kermanshah province is the mo’aven-ol molk tekyeh. this building is located in historical context (barzeh damagh district) and related to the late qajar period. based on the present situation, the space of this tekye has been formed of four parts: courtyard entrance, hoseiniyeh, zainabiyeh and abbasiyeh....

He was born to a famous family of Farman Farmaian. His father, AbdolHossein Mirza Farman Farmaian, the grandson of Abbas Mirza and Fath-Ali Shah, was born in 1852, in Tabriz. He was known as “Salar Lashkar” and “Farman Farma”. He finished his elementary studies at Dar ul-Funun, after which he went to an Austrian school to learn military skills. He held numerous critical positions during 1881-19...