One of the constraints that severely limit the capability of highly redundant manipulator arms is the actuator torque limits. This paper presents a way to achieve large effective forces from weak actuators by exploiting large mechanical advantage that results from systems near singularities. While large mechanical advantages have been applied near singularities in many instances, this method al...

Until relatively recently, the role of the scapula in the clinical evaluation and treatment of shoulder and upper extremity disorders has received little attention from clinicians. Most physicians have been trained to diagnose and treat shoulder pathology and dysfunctions in an isolated manner, rather than in the context of the kinetic chain of function. In this instructional course, we hope to...

We study chains in an H-closed topological partially ordered space. We give sufficient conditions for a maximal chain L in an H-closed topological partially ordered space such that L contains a maximal (minimal) element. Also we give sufficient conditions for a linearly ordered topological partially ordered space to be H-closed. We prove that any H-closed topological semilattice contains a zero...

The overhead throwing motion is a coordinated effort of muscle units from the entire body, culminating with explosive motion of the upper extremity. The throwing motion occurs at a rapid pace, making analysis difficult in real time. Electromyographic studies and high-speed video recordings have provided invaluable details regarding the involved musculature, the sequence of muscle involvement, a...