objective: in this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. dna topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as dna replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the dna. result...

in recent years, several plant species have been used as bioindicators, and several tests have been developed to evaluate the toxicity of the environmental contaminants. in this study, the root length and dna band pattern of root tips in maize (zea mays l.) seedlings were exposed at different concentration of cadmium pollutant (40 and 80 mg l−1). the results indicated that the root length of ma...

background: mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb). bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccine, is not effective in adults, therefore, many efforts have been made to produce an effective adult tb vaccine. the aim of this study was to develop a new tuberculosis dna vaccine candidate encoding a recombinant hspx-ppe44-esxv fusion antigen of m. tuberculosis. methods: a fu...