abstract: central banks have long been interested in obtaining precise estimations of money demand given the fact that the evolution of money demand plays a key role over several monetary variables. one implication of currency substitution is that the exchange rate could serve as another determinant of the demand for money. due to the recent currency crisis in iran, it would be important to inv...

foreign trade of any country is considered as one of the major economic sectors of that society as far as some refer to trade as the “engine of growth”. foreign exchange rate and its volatilities is one of the effective factors determining foreign trade. the present paper deals with the impact of real exchange rate uncertainty on imports in iran during 1979-2009. in this respect, first, among v...

This paper analyzes the effects of pegged and floating exchange rates using a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model that is calibrated to the US and a European aggregate. The model assumes shocks to money, productivity and the interest rate parity condition. It captures the fact that the sharp increase in nominal exchange rate volatility after the end of the Bretton Woods (BW) system wa...

We consider two types of rms both operating in two countries. The demand side of the markets of the two countries are separated and each type of rm produces its good in one of these countries. We study the e ect of an exchange rate change on the competitive equilibrium prices in each country. When producing for the foreign market causes the same costs as producing for the home market then the `...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect real exchange rate volatility for Pakistan through the co-integration and error correction model over a 30-year time period, i.e. between 1980 and 2010. The study employed the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH), generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and Vector Error Correction model...

A method for detecting structure in marginally stable forms of a protein is described. The principle is to measure amide proton exchange rates in the absence and presence of varying concentrations of a denaturant. Unfolding of structure by the denaturant is reflected by an acceleration of amide proton exchange rates, after correction for the effects of the denaturant on the intrinsic rate of ex...

â â â  given companies’ dynamic responses to expected exchange rate changes, this article improves on current methods of measuring exposure to foreign exchange rate changes by breaking down the spot exchange rate changes into expected changes and unexpected changes. the currency risk exposure coefficients resulting from an empirical analysis of shanghai stock exchange a share listed companies...

This paper provides a complete analytical characterization of the positive and normative effects of alternative exchange rate regimes in a simple two-country sticky-price dynamic general equilibrium model with money, technology, and government spending shocks. A central question addressed is whether fixing the exchange rate prevents macroeconomic adjustment in relative prices from occurring, in...