By sealing the portal at one end of tunnel and changing transverse location linear fire source in tunnel, hot smoke layer, longitudinal temperature distribution maximum were investigated. It is found that flame will bend under influence curved ceiling layer be thicker when approaches to side wall. The variation law heat release rate analyzed by considering limiting effect wall thermal feedback....

The current research investigated the coupling effect of blockage and tunnel slope on spreading characteristics fire smoke ceiling temperature distribution in a metro depot with one closed end. A series 1/15 reduced scale experiments full-scale numerical simulations were conducted to capture global characteristics. investigation addressed compared plume behavior both uphill downhill situations....

Abstract The present study investigates the maximum temperature and smoke back-layering length S in downhill direction from fire source a tilted tunnel under natural ventilation. Numerical simulations were conducted using FDS to flow behaviors for with nine slopes of 0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% 8%. It was found that, due stack effect, stagnated at distance direction. effects slope, ? , heat r...

Some of the most critical transportation infrastructures are road tunnels. Underground passageways for motorists provided through this cost-effective engineering solution, which allows high traffic volumes. A crucial aspect operation tunnels is fire safety. Risk assessments have been established to ensure level safety in As existing quantitative risk analysis (QRA) models inapplicable assess UK...

this study was conducted to investigate the effects of applying methods andamount of ammonium polyphosphate (0, 2 and 4 wt%) on fire retardancy andmechanical properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites. the resultsshowed that addition of fire retardant improved the mechanical properties such astensile and flexural strengths and fire retardancy of composites. but by increasingof fire retar...