The accurate modeling of the fast-fill dynamics occurring in Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fueled vehicle storage cylinders is a complex process and to date those dynamics have not been thoroughly studied. Here, based on first law of thermodynamics, conversation of mass and thermodynamics properties table a numerical method has been developed to study fast filling process of natural gas vehicle’...

By choosing the future event horizon as the horizon of the flat FLRW universe, we show that although the interacting holographic dark energy model is able to explain the phantom divide line crossing, but the thermodynamics second law is not respected in this model. We show that if one takes the particle event horizon as the horizon of the universe, besides describing ω = −1 crossing in a consis...

The zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics define the concepts of thermal equilibrium and thermal energy. The second law of thermodynamics determines whether a particular transfer of thermal energy can occur. Collectively, these fundamental laws of nature imply that a closed collection of thermodynamic subsystems will tend to thermal equilibrium. This paper generalizes the concepts of energy, ...

The second law of thermodynamics states the increase of entropy, ∆S > 0, for real processes from state A to state B at constant energy from chemistry over biological life and engines to cosmic events. The connection of entropy to information, phase-space, and heat is helpful but does not immediately convince observers of the validity and basis of the second law. This gave grounds for finding a ...

The thermodynamics of an electrically charged, multicomponent continuous medium with electromagnetic fields is analysed in the non-relativistic limit. Applying locally the first and second law of thermodynamics and Maxwell’s equations for a linear theory of electromagnetism, three equations characterising the continuous medium are derived: a thermostatic equilibrium equation, a reversible and a...