Cell growth and lactose consumption profile of five Lactobacillus Strains: bulgaricus, casei, lactis, delbrueckii and fermentum has been investigated. Experiments of cell growth and substrate utilization were conducted in batch submerged culture of whey with added lactose and some other growth factors. Fitness assessment of experimental data on the cell growth and lactose consumption by Monod k...

Hamilton's theory of kin selection is one of the most important advances in evolutionary biology since Darwin. Central to the kin-selection theory is the concept of inclusive fitness. However, despite the importance of inclusive fitness in evolutionary theory, empirical estimation of inclusive fitness has remained an elusive task. Using the concept of individual fitness, I present a method for ...

A metaphor for adaptation that informs much evolutionary thinking today is that of mountain climbing, where horizontal displacement represents change in genotype, and vertical displacement represents change in fitness. If it were known a priori what the 'fitness landscape' looked like, that is, how the myriad possible genotypes mapped onto fitness, then the possible paths up the fitness mountai...

The occurrence of polygynous marriage in hunter-gatherer societies, which do not accumulate wealth, remains largely unexplored since resource availability is dependent on male hunting capacity and limited by the lack of storage. Hunter-gatherer societies offer the greatest insight in to human evolution since they represent the majority of our species' evolutionary history. In order to elucidate...

The Verhulst model is probably the best known macroscopic rate equation in population ecology. It depends on two parameters, the intrinsic growth rate and the carrying capacity. These parameters can be estimated for different populations and are related to the reproductive fitness and the competition for limited resources, respectively. We investigate analytically and numerically the simplest p...

This paper proposes a novel methodology for creating efficient polygon models for spatial datasets. A comprehensive analysis framework is proposed that takes a spatial cluster as an input and generates a polygon model for the cluster as an output. The framework creates a visually appealing, simple, and smooth polygon for the cluster by minimizing a fitness function. We propose a novel polygon f...

During human evolutionary history, there were "trade-offs" between expending time and energy on child-rearing and mating, so both men and women evolved conditional mating strategies guided by cues signaling the circumstances. Many short-term matings might be successful for some men; others might try to find and keep a single mate, investing their effort in rearing her offspring. Recent evidence...

The number of users on Twitter has drastically increased in the past years. However, Twitter does not have an effective user grouping mechanism. Therefore tweets from other users can quickly overrun and become inconvenient to read. In this paper, we propose methods to help users group the people they follow using their provided seeding users. Two sources of information are used to build sub-sys...

Every individual must know the importance of physical fitness. In other words, one must have a fundamental knowledge of anatomy and physiology. This fundamental knowledge enables person to understand physical fitness. Physical fitness is the capacity of a person to function steadily and smoothly when a situation arises. Physical fitness makes you feel mentally sharper, physically comfortable an...

When are mutations beneficial in one environment and deleterious in another? More generally, what is the relationship between mutation effects across environments? These questions are crucial to predict adaptation in heterogeneous conditions in a broad sense. Empirical evidence documents various patterns of fitness effects across environments but we still lack a framework to analyze these multi...