The channel of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) transports Ca2+ approximately four times more efficiently than that of Ca2+-permeable alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPAR). To investigate the basis of this difference in these glutamate receptors (GluRs), we measured the ratio of Cs+ efflux and Ca2+ influx in recombinant NMDAR and Ca2+-permeabl...

Size-fractionated particulate 234Th and particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes were measured in the Gulf of Mexico during 2000 and 2001 in order to obtain a better estimation of upper ocean organic carbon export out of the euphotic zone within cold core and warm core rings, and to assess the relative merit of sediment trap and POC/234Th methods. In 2000, the flux of POC measured by sediment tr...

Soil CO2 flux was measured across 947 plots at 7 experimental grassland sites at the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in order to determine the relationships between soil CO2 flux and environmental factors, living plant biomass, and soil C and N. Soil CO2 flux increased as the day progressed, and was positively related to aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and soil % C. However, most of ...

inTroDuCTion Simultaneous measurements of the rates of heat production and oxygen utilisation by living tissues provides a direct quantitative means of detecting subtle changes in metabolic state in the face of altered physiological and environmental conditions. The ratio of calorimetrically measured heat flux to the respirometrically measured oxygen flux is often called the “calorimetric-respi...

Neutrinos produced as decay products in hadronic showers from cosmic ray collisions with nuclei in the upper atmosphere have been observed by several detectors [1–7]. Although the absolute fluxes of atmospheric neutrinos are largely uncertain, the expected ratio (μ/e) of the muon neutrino flux (νμ + ν̄μ) over the electron neutrino flux (νe + ν̄e) is robust, since it largely cancels out the uncert...

an innovative method based on the membrane bioreactor (mbr) technology was developed as a potential remedy for the water shortage. mbrs attracted much attention in the field of wastewater treatment and reuse. it is reported from many researchers that membrane bioreactor technology is feasible and an efficient method for the treatment of wastewater. however, mbrs are faced to membrane fouling whic...

Flux and flux-ratio equations are derived on the basis of the phenomenological equations of irreversible thermodynamics. Deviations of flux-ratios from that given by the often quoted Ussing (1949) relation are predicted, even in the absence of active transport, by considering the dependence of coupled fluxes on the membrane potential. The treatment is extended to include the interpretation of f...

This paper presents the results of investigations on a planar sandwich air-gapped transformer with two different winding configurations. Experimental results of the coil self inductances, voltage ratio versus frequency, and the numerical results for the magnetic flux and eddy-current distributions are presented. It is shown that the voltage ratio and turns ratio are not equivalent and that the ...

comnode classification within membrane residue curves (m-rcms) currently hinges on lyapunov’s theorem and therefore the computation of mathematically complex eigenvalues. this paper presents an alternative criterion for the classification of nodes within m-rcms based on the total membrane flux at node compositions. this paper demonstrates that for a system exhibiting simple permeation behaviour...