The present paper presents a unified analysis of free and embedded indirect speech, with a specific focus on German. First we need a context-based analysis of indexicals (rigid/shiftable) which can capture their orientation in uses in indirect speech. The analysis includes a treatment of the German reportative subjunctive as a shiftable indexical tense. Indirect speech in embedded clauses of th...

The use of modal structures and motivation for action is used far more frequently during communication in Spanish than Russian, which corroborates the positive politeness concept helps increase rapport with interlocutor. In last decade, preferences speakers regarding constructions have shifted, giving way to lighter influence phrase structure. Specifically, a tendency alternatives imperative su...

History has no subjunctive mood . This cliché done a lot of harm to the science history, even though it is usually voiced on its behalf and presumed express basic methodological attitude. However, maxim obviously disagrees with practice historiography as attested by numerous examples or, rather, counterexamples from classical texts, Greek well Roman, ancient Chinese modern European, including R...

in middle persian (pahlavi), like many other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some syghhhay. middle persian is bound by the obligation kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. howeve...

in middle persian (pahlavi), like many other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some syghhhay. middle persian is bound by the obligation kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. howeve...

Many philosophers hold that all dispositions must have independent causal bases. I challenge this view, hence defending the possibility of bare dispositions. In part 1, I explain more fully what I mean by "disposition," "causal basis," and "bare disposition." In part 2, I consider the claim that the concept of a disposition entails that dispositions are not bare. dispositions necessarily have d...

Temporal-difference (TD) networks have been proposed as a way of representing and learning a wide variety of predictions about the interaction between an agent and its environment (Sutton & Tanner, 2005). These predictions are compositional in that their targets are defined in terms of other predictions, and subjunctive in that that they are about what would happen if an action or sequence of a...