shown in Fig. 3, which plot the maximum throughput achieved by each protocol when the number of receivers goes from 0 to 2000. The probability of a packet being lost is set to 0.02 and 0.1 in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b), respectively. We do not compare ELRP with the maximum throughout for tree-based protocols, because in a local group, a tree-based protocol is likely to have a single parent connect...

Expressed sequence tags simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) are important sources for investigation of genetic diversity and molecular marker development. Similar to genomic SSRs, the EST-SSRs are useful markers for many applications in genetics and plant breeding such as genetic diversity analysis, molecular mapping and cross-transferability across related species and genera. In spite of low po...

Conduction of ions through the NaK channel, with M0 helix removed, was studied using both Brownian dynamics and molecular dynamics. Brownian dynamics simulations predict that the truncated NaK has approximately a third of the conductance of the related KcsA K+ channel, is outwardly rectifying, and has a Michaelis-Menten current-concentration relationship. Current magnitude increases when the gl...

Simple sequence repeat (SSR markers or microsatellites), based on the specific PCR amplification of DNA sequences, are becoming the markers of choice for molecular characterization of a wide range of plants because of their high polymorphism, abundance, and codominant inheritance. Different methods have been used for the analysis of the SSR amplified fragments being submarine agarose electropho...

The classification of bamboos based on floral morphology and reproductive characters is very hard due to erratic flowering behavior and unusually long reproductive cycle. The application of reliable and effective DNA molecular markers is highly essential to address this problem. In the present investigation, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were employed to study phylogenetic relati...

One of the most important problems in reliable multicast communication is reducing generated redundant NAKs to avoid NAK implosion. A number of NAK suppression mechanisms which try to resolve this technical problem have been proposed thus far. In wireless multicast which includes mobile hosts with wireless access channel, packet losses occur because of not only low quality of wireless communica...

FXYD proteins, small single-transmembrane proteins, have been proposed to be auxiliary regulatory subunits of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and have recently been implied in ion osmoregulation of teleost fish. In freshwater (FW) fish, numerous ions are actively taken up through mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) of the gill and skin epithelia, using the Na(+) electrochemical gradient generated by Na(+)-K(+)-A...

In reliable multicast communications, lost information due to packet loss should be re-multicasted. NAK-based retransmission scheme is said to be effective for scalable reliable multicast communications because it can avoid implosion of control packet. When the source sends packets faster than receiver’s capacity, packet loss due to buffer overflow occurs constantly at corresponding receivers. ...

Background: Traditionally, morphological features of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus from closely-related ticks have been considered for their identification and differentiation. However, it is difficult and requires expertise in order to accurately identify and differentiate engorged female ticks and some developmental stages such as larva and nymph from other similar ticks. Hence, molecul...