Background: Many recent epidemiological studies have shown that epileptic patients are more likely suffer from depression, anxiety, and irritability. However, the cellular mechanisms of epilepsy-induced psychotic behaviors are not fully elucidated. Neurotrophin receptors have been suggested to be involved in epilepsy and also in psychiatric disorders. Up-regulation of p75NTR expression and acti...

It has been reported that ketamine as an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist has also non-NMDA receptor antagonist properties. We recently found that ketamine (20 ?M) affected differently induction of NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP) when administered 30 min prior to tetanic Primed-Bursts (PBs) stimulation. On the other hand, ketamine also influenced...

The peptide hormone glucagon stimulates hepatic glucose output, and its levels in the blood are elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) has essential roles in glucose homeostasis, and thiazolidinedione PPARgamma agonists are clinically important antidiabetic drugs. As part of their antidiabetic effect, thiazolidined...

It is now recognized that the metabolic disorders observed in diabetes are not, or not only due to the lack of insulin or insulin resistance, but also to elevated glucagon secretion. Accordingly, selective glucagon receptor antagonists are now proposed as a novel strategy for the treatment of diabetes. However, besides its metabolic actions, glucagon also influences kidney function. The glucago...

Two hormones from the gastrointestinal tract, glucagon and oxyntomodulin (OXM), vigorously elevate the intrinsic heart rate (IHR) of mice. We have previously shown that OXM influences murine heart rate (HR) independent of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor. Here, we demonstrate using radiotelemetry in mice deficient in the glucagon receptor (Gcgr -/-) that both OXM and glucagon requir...

In the present study, the effects of intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor agonist and antagonist on antinociception inducced by morphine were investigated with formalin test in rat. Intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of morphine (10µgr/rat) and Bicuculline (50, 100 ng/rat) induced antinociception in the both first and second phases of formali...

introduction: it is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.we evaluated the involvement of ...

We have investigated the interactions of ligand with the canine hepatic glucagon receptor. Whereas time courses for radiolabeled glucagon binding to receptor and dissociation from receptor revealed fast and slow components at both 30 and 4 degrees C, time courses of ligand dissociation revealed a third component of irreversibly cell-associated (nondissociable) ligand only at the higher temperat...

Pancreatic β-cell neogenesis in vivo holds great promise for cell replacement therapy diabetic patients, and discovering the relevant clinical therapeutic strategies would push it forward to application. Liraglutide, a widely used antidiabetic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, has displayed diverse β-cell-protective effects type 2 animals. Glucagon receptor (GCGR) monoclonal antibody (mAb...