Mankind's actix~itieshave increased carbon dioxide (CO?) in the atmosphere. This increase has the potential to warm the earth's climate by the "greenhouse effect" ( 1 ) in which COz ahsorbs infrared radiation and then re-radiates it back toward the surface of the planet. Other gases also act as greenhouse gases and may warm the climate ex7en further (Z),although human-produced airborne sulfate ...

A black planet irradiated by a sun serves as the archetype for a simple radiating two-layer system admitting of a continuum of steady states under steadfast insolation. Steady entropy production rates may be calculated for different opacities of one of the layers, explicitly so for the radiative interactions, and indirectly for all the material irreversibilities involved in maintaining thermal ...

[1] Regional detection of a greenhouse warming signal relies on extensive, long-term measurements of temperature. The potentially confounding impact of land-cover and landuse change on trends in temperature records has mostly focused on the influence of urban heat islands. Here we use a regional climate model to show that a regional irrigation cooling effect (ICE) exists, opposite in sign to ur...

In recent decades traffic injuries have become a leading cause of death and disability the world over. In congested urban areas, the noise and emissions from vehicle engines cause discomfort and disease. More than one billion people are exposed daily to harmful levels of atmospheric contamination. Because internal combustion generates carbon dioxide (CO2), the automobile is a principal contribu...

Atmospheric aerosol particles impact the Earth’s energy budget through reflection and absorption of solar radiation (the aerosol direct effect) and modification of cloud properties (the aerosol indirect effect). The scattering of incoming solar radiation back to space results in a net decrease in heating at the Earth’s surface. The absorption of solar energy alters the atmospheric heating rate,...

As the previous chapters have noted, the climate system is forced by a number of factors, e.g., solar impact, the greenhouse effect, etc. For the greenhouse effect, clouds, water vapor, and CO2 are of the utmost importance. The emergence of computers as a viable scientific tool in the 1960s in conjunction with the availability of spectroscopic data enabled us to treat the numerous complexities ...

Agriculture has a key role in greenhouse gas emissions.  As such, the present study aimed to evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions from wheat production in irrigated and rain-fed systems. The primary data were collected from 116 wheat farmers. The results showed that the total greenhouse gas emissions from wheat production in irrigated and rain-fed systems were 637.8 and 65.12 kgCO2eq, respecti...

This paper describes several main monomial cooling methods of greenhouse in summer, including natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, wet curtain cooling, external sun-shading etc., as well as analyzes the change law of the environment on temperature and humidity in greenhouse. The result shows that the four cooling methods stated above make the temperature gradients between internal and e...

This paper analyses banking and borrowing of carbon emission rights within the framework of a simple, integrated assessment model. Breaking the world economy in just two regions it will be shown: (1) Increasing when-flexibility in greenhouse gas abatement through banking and borrowing of carbon emission permits has a positive effect on welfare for regions with a poor endowment in carbon emissio...