The United States of America has adopted a suite of Secure Hash Algorithms (SHAs), including four beyond SHA-1, as part of a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), namely SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512. This document makes open source code performing these SHA hash functions conveniently available to the Internet community. The sample code supports input strings of arbitrary bi...

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A wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed of numerous small sensing devices with limited communication range. The sensors collect data from the environment and report them to the sinks. With the promising sensing and wireless technologies, sensor networks are expected to be widely deployed in a broad spectrum of civil and military applications. Location information of the sinks, the sensors, ...

This paper describes and provides detailed rationale for a simple (and fully specified) HMACbased key derivation function (KDF) that can serve multiple applications under a wide variety of requirements and assumptions, and whose design is backed by careful cryptographic analysis. The proposed scheme follows the extract-then-expand paradigm for KDF design (which we present and discuss in great d...

We study the suitability of common pseudorandomness modes associated with cryptographic hash functions and block ciphers (CBCMAC, Cascade and HMAC) for the task of “randomness extraction”, namely, the derivation of keying material from semi-secret and/or semirandom sources. Important applications for such extractors include the derivation of strong cryptographic keys from non-uniform sources of...

Earlier static ID and Password are used which is vulnerable against eavesdropping and replay attack. To overcome this problem One Time Password technique is used which give different password each time. Earlier OTP is HOTP which is based on one way hash function SHA-1 and Ping Pong-128 stream cipher. In this paper we propose a method of generating OTP by using Genetic Algorithm with Elliptic Cu...

As the usage of credit card has increased the credit card fraud has also increased dramatically. Existing fraud detection techniques are not capable to detect fraud at the time when transaction is in progress. Improvement in existing fraud detection is necessary. In this paper Hidden Markov model is used to detect the fraud when transaction is in progress. Here is shown that hidden markov model...