human as the superior of the creature was more important for pre-socrates, but by emerging socrates this remark become pale because he pointed to be average of human's powers. after many decades, some grand-phipspher such as kierkegaard, nietzsche, martin heidegger and jean-paul sartre entered and they have taken attention to human and established existentialism.this academy spoke about hu...

many difficulties not satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification, but I cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many classes of facts as I think it certainly does explain. On these grounds I drop my anchor, and believe the difficulties will slowly disappear.’ One of the virtues of Janet Browne’s outstanding biography, is the unassuming manner that re...

the present article aims to explicate the difference between perceptions of conceptual relations governing the public in different eras. therefore, this can be achieved through considering ancient greece as the birthplace of western traditions and deciphering the mythological meaning of governance in that era. to this end, it takes advantage of a hermeneutical-historical point of view to review...

hegel’s interpretation of sophocles’ antigone is surely one of the best we can find in literature or philosophy. in his book “phenomenology of spirit”, hegel goes through insightful interpretations of antigone and analyzes this work based on his own system of philosophy. hegel is one of the few systematic philosophers who made a universal body of philosophy which is supposed to overwhelm all hu...

this article aim to investigate image concept from the traditional rethoric point of view and shows how traditional rethoric stopped because of negligible understanding of image notion and focus on shape, without seriously dealing with contents. although in this respect, molla abdolghaher jorjani is superior to others and has vast attempts, but after him there was no suitable evolution in retho...

Suppose now that two philosophers, McX and I, differ over ontology. Suppose McX maintains there is something which I maintain there is not. McX can, quite consistently with his own point of view, describe our difference of opinion by saying that I refuse to recognize certain entities. I should protest, of course, that he is wrong in his formulation of our disagreement, for I maintain that there...

a familiar criticism of kant, made by hegel and his followers, j .s. mill and others, is that there are no maxims that are in fact contradictory, as required for morality on kant's view. in this paper, i discuss the suggestion that our capacity for rational reflection itself implies universality, and that it is this universality that obliges us to act morally. i consider the idea that self...