Background and Aim: Numerous efforts over the past century have been performed. Various innovation techniques are increasingly gaining attention and gradually established the foundation of recent significant developments in the world of neurosurgery, among which varied stereotactic neuro-navigation designs and other novel emerging systems are being quotidian developed. This narrative review ai...

A recent major study on Engineering Education calls for centering 21 st century Engineering Education in professional practice 24 : ―[I]f students are to be prepared to enter new-century engineering, the center of engineering education should be professional practice, integrating technical knowledge and skills of practice.‖ Education policy bodies are increasingly cognizant that faculty and pro...

There have been dramatic changes in how infants were fed during the 20th century. Almost universal at the turn of the century, breastfeeding declined until midcentury, after which it once again became the norm. Until recent years, the health benefits of breastfeeding were not emphasized, and synthetic formulations were popular. Only of late have health professionals become involved in the promo...

abstract aesthetic viewpoints and philosophical concepts are effective factors which can conduct artistic movements. the impact of philosophical basis on the cultural, social, historical and artistic tendencies is to extent that the mentioned philosophical basis is specified as detailed and separated chapters. among the development and exposition of the philosophical concepts of art area, there...

For Muslims, the tawatur of the Quran—the fact that it has been massively and consecutively transmitted from generation to generation since the time of the Prophet—is among the most important proofs which shows that the Qur’an we have today is the same scripture that was revealed to the Prophet. However, this proof has been neglected in the studies of Western scholars on the topic of t...

This essay discusses the e¤ect of technical change on wage inequality. I argue that the behavior of wages and returns to schooling indicates that technical change has been skill-biased during the past sixty years. Furthermore, the recent increase in inequality is most likely due to an acceleration in skill bias. In contrast to twentieth century developments, most technical change during the nin...

[1] The recent observed global warming trend over land has been characterised by a faster warming at night, leading to a considerable decrease in the diurnal temperature range (DTR). Analysis of simulations of a climate model including observed increases in greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols reveals a similar trend in the DTR of 0.2 C per century, albeit of smaller magnitude than the observ...