the informality of possession and lack of security in residence are among the characteristics attributed to the informal settlements, as well as, they are a key to other problems’ solutions. this essay investigates some of the typical cases of iran’s informal settlements, and this intends to find out the possession conditions, as well as, the conditions necessary for the recognition of the ...

Recent research has documented empirical evidence of informed trading ahead of major corporate events such as earnings announcements, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and corporate bankruptcies. Surprisingly, however, no such evidence exists ahead of corporate divestiture or spinoff (SP) announcements. This is noteworthy because the parent company’s stock usually experiences a significant price j...

The evidence of the impact of informal care provision on the health of carers presents a complex and contested picture, depending on the characteristics of the care studied, including its duration, which has been relatively short in previous research (up to 4 years). Drawing on data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study, a 1% sample of linked Census records for respondents ...

Modern software architecting increasingly often takes place in geographically distributed contexts involving teams of professionals and customers with different backgrounds and roles. So far, attention and effort have been mainly dedicated to individuals sharing already formalized knowledge and less to social, informal collaboration. Furthermore, in Web 2.0 contexts, little to no attention has ...

Financial systems reform and corporate reform are deeply intertwined and thus are best addressed simultaneously and comprehensively. Indonesia is seeking to do this by developing rules, institutions, and mechanisms to achieve good corporate governance, while working to build an effectively functioning financial system that facilitates good corporate governance. This paper explores this quest in...

Engineering projects often undergo several design iterations before being completed. Information received from other groups working on a project (analysis, manufacturing, marketing, sales) will often necessitate changes in a design. The interaction between diierent groups associated with a design project often takes the form of informal \negotiation." This form of interaction commonly arises wh...

Formal standard development is increasingly supplemented by standards consortia: informal and less inclusive alliances, in which firms coordinate standard-related research and development (R&D) and streamline standard development. In order to cast light on the economic function of these consortia, this article provides empirical evidence on the standards related to informal consortia, and on th...