This instrumental study of the phonetic contrast between English /ptk/ and /bdg/ produced by Saudi Arabians reveals that native-language phonetic nonTis may carryover to production of target-language sounds. Despite the existence of phonetic interference, however, the present cross-sectional study suggests that Saudi learners gradually approximate the phonetic norms of English, at least insofar...

The use of politeness strategies can help interlocutors promote and/or maintain social harmony in telephone interactions. Using the Rapport Management Model proposed by Spencer-Oatey (2008), this study aimed primarily to reinvestigate the closing structures of telephone conversation (hereafter abbreviated as TC) in Persian and to discover the common politeness strategies used by native Persian ...

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Two hypotheses have been advanced in the recent literature with respect to the so-called Interlanguage Speech Intelligibility Benefit (ISIB): a nonnative speaker will be better understood by a another nonnative listener than a native speaker of the target language will be (a) only when the nonnatives share the same native language (matched interlanguage) or (b) even when the nonnatives have dif...

in recent years, language-learning research has been more concerned with factors that may affect the choice of learning strategies among learners. in studies conducted by cohen (1990), ehrman and oxford (1995), macintyre and gardner (1989) and reid (1987), these factors have been identified as motivation, gender, learning style, previous experience, and personality type. this study attempts to ...

This study examined the impact of hepatic transport protein modulation on the hepatobiliary disposition of a nonmetabolized probe substrate, 5- (and 6)-carboxy-2',7'dichlorofluorescein (CDF) in rat isolated perfused livers (IPLs). In vivo treatment with modulators (100 and 200 mg/kg/day clofibric acid, 80 mg/kg/day phenobarbital, and 25 mg/kg/day dexamethasone) was used to alter the expression ...

Language users are remarkably good at making inferences about speakers’ intentions in context, and children learning their native language also display substantial skill in acquiring the meanings of unknown words. These two cases are deeply related: Language users invent new terms in conversation, and language learners learn the literal meanings of words based on their pragmatic inferences abou...

the purpose of this study was to expose a group of iranian students to an e-learning program and find out the effects of this exposure on their learning and motivation strategies. this study made an attempt to evaluate the degree of strategy use in both traditional and e-learning modes of learning. moreover, the effects of the e-learning program of the participants of the study on learning stra...