Dysfunction of the vestibular portion of the eighth nerve and the vestibular nuclei within the brainstem and their central connections is a central cause of dizziness and vertigo. Neural connections with the central vestibular nuclei include interaction with the vestibular portions of the cerebellum (primarily cerebellar flocculus), the visual sensory system, and afferent connections from muscl...

The internuclear potential V(r) of a diatomic molecule is spherically symmetric. It depends only on r, the internuclear separation. The internuclear potential v(r) can be determined using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, where we assume that the motion of the nuclei is very slow compared to that of the electrons. We solve for the energy of ground electronic state as a function of the internu...

We have modified the conventional cell-linked list method to reduce the number of unnecessary internuclear distance calculations in molecular simulations of systems containing many particles. In the conventional method, the simulation space is partitioned into cells with edge lengths no less than the cutoff distance of the interaction potential (rcut). The atoms are assigned to cells according ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly causes eye movement abnormalities that may have a significant impact on patients' disability. Inflammatory demyelinating lesions, especially occurring in the posterior fossa, result in a wide range of disorders, spanning from acquired pendular nystagmus (APN) to internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), among the most common. As the control of eye movements is well un...

OBJECTIVE To aid in the timely diagnosis of patients who present with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 25 patients (18 women, 7 men), originally presented in our clinic with a CIS suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). All patients underwent the full investigation procedure including routine tests, serology, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations, evoked pot...

A 27-year-old woman presented with sudden onset left-sided numbness and double vision. In the last 10 years, she developed diabetes mellitus, cataract, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, benign neoplasm of the skull, epilepsy, and nonscarring alopecia. Her parents were first-degree relatives and there were no relatives with similar disease. On examination there were right internuclear ophthalmoplegi...

Wernekink commissure syndrome secondary to caudal paramedian midbrain infarction (CPMI) is a rare midbrain syndrome involving the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the caudal paramedian midbrain tegmentum. The central characteristics are constant bilateral cerebellar dysfunction, variable eye movement disorders, and rare delayed palatal myoclonus. Following is a description of ...

A case of total congenital external ophthalmoplegia associated with infantile spinal muscular atrophy is presented. In the first 29 months of life, ophthalmoplegia has remained complete. Ultrastructure of lateral rectus extraocular muscle indicates a neurogenic process as the basis of the ophthalmoplegia. Light microscopy alone is insufficient to distinguish primary "myopathic" from "neurogenic...

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terminal stage of cell division is represented by a binucleated cell with the 2 nuclei separated within the undivided cytoplasm (A, binucleated basophilic erythroblasts). The cytoplasm divides later to form 2 distinct cells. In myelodysplastic syndromes,...