Iraq’s agricultural sector represents a small, but vital component of Iraq’s economy. Over the past several decades agriculture’s role in the economy has been heavily influenced by Iraq’s involvement in military conflicts, particularly the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War and the 1991 Gulf War, and by varying degrees of government efforts to promote and/or control agricultural production. In the mid-1980s...

Past research indicates that war-zone veterans may experience psychological symptoms such as nightmares, difficulty experiencing happiness, and jumpiness. These and similar stress-related symptoms, if severe enough, are labeled posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the impact of war can extend beyond psychological symptoms. This study examined 800 Army soldiers before and after they de...

This article explores deterrence, a time-honoured concept in International Relations (ir), through the application of systemism, a concept borrowed from the philosophy of science. The purpose of this study is to provide a diagrammatic exposition that establishes the “value added” from systemism vis-à-vis the research on deterrence. A series of exchanges involving us-led efforts to deter Saddam ...

People depend on human infrastructure for a range of activities in their daily lives, such as work and socializing. In this paper we consider three different intertwined types of infrastructures of a society that may be affected in crisis situations: the physical, technological, and human infrastructures. We argue that when the human infrastructure is damaged, e.g. in a natural catastrophe or w...

There is significant support for exposure therapy as an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across a variety of populations, including veterans; however, there is little empirical information regarding how veterans of different war theaters respond to exposure therapy. Accordingly, questions remain regarding therapy effectiveness for treatment of PTSD for veterans of di...

In 1990 and 1991, approximately 697,000 U.S. troops were deployed in the Persian Gulf during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The United States suffered relatively few casualties during the brief air and ground war against Iraq. Since returning home, however, many veterans have developed illnesses that appear to be related to their military service in the Gulf. Researchers caution tha...

BACKGROUND Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War have an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the etiology is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study sought to identify geographic areas with elevated risk for the later development of ALS among military personnel who served in the first Gulf War. METHODS A unified geographic information system (GIS) was constructed to allow analysis of ...

understanding the fundamental issues of the iran-iraq war as well as the factors affecting understanding the nature of it is the most important window to the correct understanding the history of the holy defense. if done correctly, this will provide an opportunity to understand the trends and events of the iran-iraq war which regardless of political and factional controversies, it paves the gro...

although iran-iraq war was an aftermath of different challenges between the two countries after the islamic revolution and of a shift in iran's position in the bipolar world of that day, the factors causing this war were not limited to the mentioned ones. their various disputes and disagreements have old historical backgrounds going back to safavieh ages or even before that. religious, geo...