A collective memory is a representation of the past that is shared by members of a group. We investigated similarities and differences in the collective memories of younger and older adults for three major wars in U.S. history (the Civil War, World War II, and the Iraq War). Both groups were alive during the recent Iraq War, but only the older subjects were alive during World War II, and both g...

OBJECTIVE To study the infant mortality rate (IMR) trend during wars and sanction periods in Western Iraq. METHODS Data collected from the birth and death certificates of Haditha Health Vital Statistics Center, Haditha city (80,000 population), Western Iraq, included name, age, gender, residence, and infant's place and date of births and deaths, in 5 different sanction and war stages of the c...

BACKGROUND UK armed forces personnel who took part in the 1991 Gulf war experienced an increase in symptomatic ill health, colloquially known as Gulf war syndrome. Speculation about an Iraq war syndrome has already started. METHODS We compared the health of male regular UK armed forces personnel deployed to Iraq during the 2003 war (n=3642) with that of their colleagues who were not deployed ...

On April 1, 2003, we published a set of contingent predictions about the likely length of the U.S.–Iraq war that began on March 19, 2003. The predictions were made by applying the statistical model of war duration developed in Bennett and Stam (1996). In this article, we assess the accuracy of our (then) forecast, and then present new predictions from the model about the expected length of a pu...

iran-iraq war consists of a certain events which formed in a period of eight years and within a framework of issues, subjects and various operations of this era. in 51 issues of negin iran quarterly, a collection of various articles about the history of iran-iraq war has been released and these articles have been lead to the gradual accumulation of the contents relating to the history of holy d...

Since the threat posed by Saddam Hussein became the leading issue in American politics and international relations in late summer 2002, American public opinion has been out of step with public opinion in other western democracies. In the months leading up to the war, compared with citizens elsewhere, fewer Americans felt that war in Iraq was unjustified, fewer felt that UN-endorsement was neces...

BACKGROUND Differences in the characteristics and mental health needs of female veterans of the Iraq/Afghanistan war compared with those of veterans of other wars may have useful implications for VA program and treatment planning. METHODS Female veterans reporting service in the Iraq/Afghanistan war were compared with women reporting service in the Persian Gulf and Vietnam wars and to men rep...

this article wants to clarify a new narration of iran-iraq war political nature. other narrations generally have had a strategic-political view on iran-iraq war. although this present narration has a strategic and realistic view too, it doesn't consider this kind of view enough for a comprehensive explanation of different aspects of the war. it refers to the confrontation of faith and forc...

the progress and excellence of females in the islamic society is one of the fundamentalconcerns of imam khomeini in his interviews and speeches. he would frequently admit theimportance and influence of women in the islamic movement, as well as their important rolein the progress of various fields in iran. according to imam khomeini’s belief, womencompared to men had an equal, and even sometimes...