The current literature on test equating generally defines it as the process necessary to obtain score comparability between different forms. definition is in contrast with Lord’s foundational paper which viewed required of measurement scale distinction notions and not trivial. difference explained by connecting these standard statistical concepts probability experiment, sample space, random var...

Motivation The Sustainable Development Goals target decent work for all, including youth, by 2030. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), however, a “youth employment crisis” is now central to public and policy discourse. Consequently, the idea of “investing in youth” grows importance, leading proliferation interventions targeted specific youth. Purpose This article interrogates framing problem as employ...

This article takes on the task of exploring gig economy in its various forms and definitions, starting from economic origins as a way to reduce transaction costs overheads firms making use modern technology, working up some social consequences, such transforming employees just-in-time resources, fragmenting their labour eroding ability organize unionize order better defend rights. Focussing inf...