This article summarizes existing work that indicates language maintenance and revitalization efforts result in health-related benefits for Native Americans and other indigenous populations. Although forced loss of ancestral language has been a feature of life in most indigenous communities since the first contact with Europeans, the pace of loss has accelerated in the past 50 years. Among the m...

We discuss building digital language resources (such as annotated corpora, lexicons, ontologies, terminologies, tools), which are the main prerequisite for successful communication and information management in the e-society of the 21 century. We give an overview of the main requirements and best practices, and point to necessary steps for creation and maintenance of standardsbased and reusable...

This text describes a simple and effective object oriented software design process template having UML as the modeling language and extensively using inspections to support the construction and maintenance of software products. This software design process uses a sequential organization, based on the waterfall approach, for two reasons: to simplify the explanation of design activities in the co...

Students’ natural language (NL) explanations in the domain of qualitative mechanics lie in-between unrestricted NL and the constrained NL of “proper” domain statements. Analyzing such input and providing appropriate tutorial feedback requires extracting information relevant to the physics domain and diagnosing this information for possible errors and gaps in reasoning. In this paper we will des...

Software maintenance, which involves making enhancements, modifications and corrections to existing software systems, consumes more than half of developer time. Specification comprehensibility plays an important role in software maintenance as it permits the understanding of the system properties more easily and quickly. The use of formal notation such as B increases a specification’s precision...

This paper describes the use of formal speci cations and associated tools in addressing various aspects of software maintenance | corrective, perfective, and adaptive. It also addresses the re nement of the software development process to build programs that are easily maintainable. The task of software maintenance in our case includes the task of maintaining the speci cation as well as maintai...

Many accounts of working memory posit specialized storage mechanisms for the maintenance of serial order. We explore an alternative, that maintenance is achieved through temporary activation in the language production architecture. Four experiments examined the extent to which the phonological similarity effect can be explained as a sublexical speech error. Phonologically similar nonword stimul...

Despite decades of research, there is still disagreement regarding the nature of the information that is maintained in linguistic short-term memory (STM). Some authors argue for abstract phonological codes, whereas others argue for more general sensory traces. We assess these possibilities by investigating linguistic STM in two distinct sensory-motor modalities, spoken and signed language. Hear...

The purposes of this research are to explain the shifts on language style from ngoko (N) krama (K) and vice versa, Javanese isolect other languages included their motivation, maintenance. This is qualitative descriptive which primary data collected especially by using direct observation method field as practices sociologists anthropologists. results show that closely related with status, intima...