Antibodies are the fastest-growing segment of the biologics market. The success of antibody-based drugs resides in their exquisite specificity, high potency, stability, solubility, safety, and relatively inexpensive manufacturing process in comparison with other biologics. We outline here the structural studies and fundamental principles that define how antibodies interact with diverse targets....

We present here the recent developments in the studies of self-organization in abiotic, biotic (bacterial) colonies and man-made (programmable chips) systems, aimed at seeking to unravel the general principles of biotic self-organization. A typical bacterial colony consists of 10 − 10 bacteria. It is not created by pre-design or according to a plan, but through a process of biotic self-organiza...

Natural electromagnetic noise sources existing since the origin of the Earth may be influencing the evolution of living systems. Understanding how this background noise is generated and distributed and how it interacts with living systems, can contribute to the general knowledge of life on Earth. In this review we consider the different frequency ranges, starting from the lowest frequencies gen...

Amongst the different property parameters of the produced fabric, drapeability of fabric is one of the crucial parameters with respect to end uses. It is the ability of fabric to hang freely in graceful folds when some area of it is supported over a surface and the rest is unsupported. During the application of different fabrics, both in industrial and apparel sector, it has been observed that ...

Object detection in images is a very active research topic in many disciplines. Probabilistic methods have been applied to the problem with varying degrees of success. A logistic classifier, Markov random field (MRF), and discriminative Random Field (DRF) were used for the detection of man-made structures in natural images. It was found that the MRF and DRF models were often improvements over t...