Congestion is an important issue that requires the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). We first classify conventional congestion into congestion (newly defined) and technical inefficiency, based on prior research and real applications. Modified definitions and mathematical expression of congestion, managerial inefficiency, and technical inefficiency are proposed to better illustrate the...

Introduction Professional identity development is one of the fundamental concerns of nursing education.1 It has become one of the most important challenges in nursing education and providing nursing services due to the attempts to prepare nurses for professional roles in a changing healthcare environ ment.2 The university and students are at the core of scientific and practical elements of prof...

BACKGROUND While there is strong support for the benefits of working in multi-professional teams in health care, the implementation of multi-professional teamwork is reported to be complex and challenging. Implementation strategies combining multiple behavior change interventions are recommended, but the understanding of how and why the behavior change interventions influence staff behavior is ...

the goal in this study was to determine the cmponents influencing the professional development of trainers in the ministry of agricultural-jihad training centers, to plan for their further continous professional advancement. the research method was a descriptive-correlational one and data gathering instrument a researcher made questionnaire. the validity (based on expert opinion) and reliabilit...

background the need for competence training and development in health management and leadership workforces has been emphasised. however, evidence of the outcomes and impact of such training and development has not been systematically assessed. the aim of this review is to synthesise the available evidence of the outcomes and impact of training and development in relation to the competence of he...

a bstract background:  one of the key strategies in students’ learning is the in fl uence of models on them. understanding the factors affecting the implementation of role-modeling process in education will help to make greater use of this training strategy. this study aimed to understand the experiences of role model instructors and nursing students about the facilitator factors in the role-mo...

Although professionalism is an elusive concept, it is defined by sets of attitudes and behaviors specific to professions. Further defining and describing these professional attitudes and behaviors the “As and Bs” of professionalism will help academic programs to develop and measure them in their students. The development of professional attitudes and demonstration of professional behaviors are ...

the aim of this study was to explain and prioritize the barriers facing privatization of sports in iran. first, complementary data were gathered, coded and analyzed through the review of the theoretical bases, comparative studies and deep semi–structured interviews with experts in order to identify the barriers facing privatization of sports. after identifying the barriers, the obtained variabl...