decision making on budgeting is one of the most important issues for executing managers. budgeting is a major tool for planning and control of projects. in public and non-profit organizations and institutions, estimating the costs and revenues plays an important role in receiving credit and budgeting. in this regard, in the present paper the case of isfahan municipality is considered. one of th...

This paper presents a method to allocate the transmission network costs to users based on nodal pricing approach by regulating the nodal prices from the marginal point to the new point. Transmission nodal pricing based on marginal prices is not able to produce enough revenue to recover the total transmission network costs. However, according to the previous studies in this context, this met...

background: industrial development has caused the release of various pollutants including heavy metals into the environment. these toxic compounds are extremely dangerous to living beings and the environment due to their non-biodegradability, severe toxicity, carcinogenicity, the ability to be accumulated in nature and the ability to contaminate groundwater and surface water. the aim of the pre...

BACKGROUND Rates of nonadherence to aromatase inhibitors (AIs) among Medicare beneficiaries with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer are high. Out-of-pocket drug costs appear to be an important contributor to this and may be addressed by eliminating copayments and other forms of patient cost sharing. The authors estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of providing Medicare benefi...

this paper originates the theory of buyer concentration for a main raw material input for a single processing industry. the oligopsony concentration is obtained and subsequently decomposed into several factors, affecting indirectly the industry’s profitability. it is found that the leading firms’ efficiencies hypothesis is reaffirmed due to variations associated with the marginal productivity d...

Key policy issues relating to protection of the Great Barrier Reef from pollutants generated by agriculture are to identify when measures to improve water quality generate benefits to society that outweigh the costs of reducing pollutants. The research reported in this paper makes a key contribution in several key ways. First, it uses the improved science understanding about the links between m...

Forest trees show large changes in functional traits as they develop from a sapling in the shaded understorey to an adult in the light-exposed canopy. The adaptive function of such changes remains poorly understood. The carbon gain hypothesis suggests that these changes should be adaptive (acclimation) and that they serve to maximize net vegetative or reproductive growth. We explore the carbon ...

In regions characterized by water scarcity, such as coastal Southern California, groundwater containing chromophoric dissolved organic matter is a viable source of water supply. In the coastal aquifer of Orange County in California, seawater intrusion driven by coastal groundwater pumping increased the concentration of bromide in extracted groundwater from 0.4 mg l⁻¹ in 2000 to over 0.8 mg l⁻¹ ...