urbanization agglomeration that is named jacobs externalities, refers to the role of economic diversification in urban. localization agglomeration, marshal-arrow-romer (mar) externalities, is related to the concentration of firms activated in a special industry within a specified place. the purpose of this research is to explore the impact of different types of agglomeration economies on employ...

Job-Hopping in Silicon Valley: Some Evidence Concerning the Micro-Foundations of a High Technology Cluster In Silicon Valley’s computer cluster, skilled employees are reported to move rapidly between competing firms. This job-hopping facilitates the reallocation of resources towards firms with superior innovations, but it also creates human capital externalities that reduce incentives to invest...

The fifth merger wave in the USA and the parallel fourth merger wave in the UK that occurred in the 1990s was characterised by a large number of acquisitions of firms operating in high technology areas such as the telecommunications, computers, the Internet, biotechnology, communications etc. These mergers accompanied and, in fact, were triggered by stunningly high market valuations of high tec...

abstract this article aims to provide theoretical model for analyzing challenge of asymmetric information in the third sector of economy (which is the most important challenge, preventing the growth and development of third sector), using the theoretical foundation of contract theory and incentive theory with regard to the special characteristics of third sector derived by its special structure...

Many countries in 1995-2008 have experienced what we call “value added erosion”, which describes the phenomenon of the decline in the shares of domestic value added in a country’s exports as the country becomes more integrated into the Global Value Chains (GVCs). We argue that the decline of domestic value added share in a country’s exports is likely to be caused by the expansion of high value-...

the main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of innovation on the market share instability in the iranian food and drinking industry with a 4- digit code. according to schumpeter that states one of the most important hypothesis in this area, says there are a non-linear and an inverse of u-shaped relationship between the two variables of innovation and market share instability. ...

This paper looks at the importance of scale economies – defined in terms of the benefits from innovation – from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. We argue that one can only gauge the degree of scale economies at the industry level by taking account of the degree of specialization – hence the reliance on international trade – as well as the size of an economy. We show that in Icel...