This article introduces potential wells around nuclei and their roles in chemical bonds. The approach uses one-electron Bohr atomic model concept. Multi-electron atoms are converted to by grounding all inactive, non-reacting electrons using the Apparent Nuclear Charge (ANC) Electron Shielding Effect (ESE) concepts introduced earlier publications. Then, resulting two utilized obtain related bond...

Abstract The approach of extended irreversible thermodynamics consists promoting the dissipative fluxes to non-equilibrium thermodynamic variables. In a relativistic context, this naturally leads formulation theory Israel and Stewart (1979), which is, date, one most successful theories for dissipation. Although generality principle makes it applicable any fluid, connection Israel–Stewart with m...