Since the dawn of nuclear physics (d,p) reactions have been the main tool to extract spectroscopic factors (SFs) (we call them phenomenological SFs), which were compared with predictions of the independent-particle shell model (ISPM). Later on electron-induced breakup reactions and nucleon knockout reactions became new tool to determine the SFs. Reduction of the phenomenological SFs deduced fro...

The relevant energy ranges for stellar nuclear reactions are introduced. Low-energy compound and direct reactions are discussed. Stellar modifications of the cross sections are presented. Implications for experiments are outlined.