Reuse by contract is the application of formal methods to software reuse: software components are associated with contracts|formal models of their functional behaviour|and administered , retrieved, and reused by these. We argue that reuse by contract is necessary for safe reuse in a formal process model, but is helpful even for more traditional software development. We discuss some obstacles ag...

Abstract Together with climate change, rising living standards throughout the world have put pressure on existing freshwater sources and increased global water scarcity. The reclaimed wastewater projects face obstacles in sustainable implementation. This paper reviews Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental Legal (PESTEL) factors that act as barriers to successful implementati...

abstract the aim of this study was to assess the affects of agricultural extension programs on the promotion of the efficiency, knowledge and technical expertise of farmers. the study also aimed to analyze the factors affecting the acceptance of agricultural extension programs with regards to process of agricultural development. a survey consisting of 137 samples was conducted between wheat far...

Before it can achieve wide acceptance, parallel computation must be made significantly easier to program. One of the main obstacles to this goal is the current usage of memory, both abstractly, by programmers, and concretely, by computer architects. In this paper, we present compiler technology for two novel computer architectures, and discuss how, on the one hand, many traditional, memory-base...

The e-government application may enhance government facilities for its shareholders. Nevertheless, implementing such system faces many difficulties and obstacles. The considerable debacle of e-government inspires studies on those obstacles, especially in developing countries around the world. To examine the e-government implementation challenges more accurately, we have collected more tha...

Many pervasive and ubiquitous application scenarios consider the interaction of users with surrounding devices offering services anywhere and anytime as one of the main future challenges. However, before this vision becomes reality, many security issues have to be solved. More specifically, the problem of trustworthiness of unknown devices is one of the major obstacles hindering the acceptance ...

The application of Semantic Web technologies in the life sciences for data integration is still nascent. We have recently built BioGateway, an RDF store that integrates all the candidate OBO Foundry ontologies with other resources such as SWISS-PROT. In the course of developing BioGateway, we faced challenges that are common to other projects that involve large datasets in diverse formats. We p...

This paper describes the methodology of a European research project on e-catalog standards and presents its major findings by formulating recommendations for future standardization work. The comparative analysis of 14 standards was conducted within the CEN/ISSS Workshop eCAT that aims at setting the basis for harmonized e-catalog standards. As part of this workshop, we present a framework and a...