BACKGROUND Thymectomy is an essential component in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) and the best treatment for localized thymoma. Minimally invasive thymectomy has advanced to include robotic-assisted techniques. The acceptance of this approach is growing rapidly, while the debate on the adequate technique for thymectomy remains open. METHODS We describe the technique of robotic-assist...

1. The technology must have final approval from the appropriate government regulatory bodies; 2. The scientific evidence must permit conclusions concerning the effect of the technology on health outcomes; 3. The technology must improve the net health outcome; 4. The technology must be as beneficial as any established alternatives; 5. The improvement must be attainable outside the investigationa...

Introduction: Submandibular gland excision is the gold standard treatment for submandibular gland disease. Although submandibulectomy is a relatively standardized surgical procedure, complications are frequently reported. These complications include nerve paralysis or paresis, aesthetic sequelae, hematoma, salivary fistulas or sialoceles, wound infections, hypertrophic scars and inflammations c...

High tibia osteotomy is a common procedure in orthopedic surgery. A precise overview on indications, patients selection, pre-operative planning, surgical technique, methods of fixation, and complications have been presented. This paper focused on the points that should be considered to achieve good long-term outcomes. High tibia osteotomy is a common procedure in orthopedic surgery. A precise o...

M any orthodontists evaluate the retention phase of orthodontic treatment as the most difficult problem of therapy. In fact, the more conscientious the orthodontist, the more he might regard retention as the problem in treatment. Angle1 summarized orthodontic retention as follows : “After malposed teeth have been moved into the desired position they must be mechanically supported until all the ...

BACKGROUND The Norwood procedure consists of three palliative operations, performed in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Especially the first stage (Norwood I) is associated with the highest mortality rates in paediatric cardiac surgery (up to 25%). During surgery, the aorta is reconstructed and a systemic-to-pulmonary shunt is applied. Originally the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt...

Midface lifting is valuable rejuvenative options for many patients and can provide a more youthful and balanced face. This procedure is well suited for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon because of familiarity with the intraoral and temporal surgical approaches, and it does not require any specialized equipment. This procedure has minimal postoperative recovery and a low complication rate. The ...

BACKGROUND Practice parameters for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults by surgical modification of the upper airway were first published in 1996 by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (formerly ASDA). The following practice parameters update the previous practice parameters. These recommendations were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the Ameri...

Gabapentin (GBP) is an antiepileptic and analgesic drug that derived from gamma-aminobutyric acid. It used as in multi-modal pain management, well anticonvulsant anxiolytic, off-label animals. Particularly, oral GBP prescriptions for cattle are becoming increasingly popular. Since its introduction into farm practices, several types of research on have been published, covering pharmacokinetics s...