Covert network timing channels control time between transmissions of packets in overt network communication and transmits hidden messages. This paper presents an overview of different concepts of covert timing channels such as types, features and properties. There is range of terms used for security of information such as encryption, covert channels, network steganography or information hiding ...

In a standard Posner paradigm, participants were endogenously cued to attend to a peripheral location in visual space without making eye movements. They responded faster to target letters presented at cued than at uncued locations. On some trials, instead of a manual response, they had to move their eyes to a location in space. Results showed that the eyes deviated away from the validly cued lo...

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the different properties of the operation Move before and after Spell-Out can be grounded in independently motivated properties of the minimalist program. To this end I will address two potential problems for the requirement that derivations must be uniform: (i) the obligatory nature of pied-piping prior to Spell-Out and (ii) the obligatory elim...

BACKGROUND Evaluation and feedback of hand hygiene (HH) compliance are important elements of the WHO multimodal strategy for hospital infection control. Overt observation is recommended, but it may be confounded by Hawthorne effect. Covert observation offers the opportunity to decrease observer bias. In this study we conducted a one year hospital-wide HH promotion program that included medical ...

Recently, so called simulation (or emulation) theories [e.g. 1 ch. 9, 2-5] have discovered and embraced, to a greater or lesser degree, the old empiricist and associationist idea that thinking is covert action and perception. In brief, covert action refers to the brain’s ability to reactivate several of the neural processes and structures used to produce an overt action, but without any overt m...

This article reframes the debate on validation of non-formal and informal learning by connecting it to sociology education curriculum studies literatures. Building these literatures, differentiates between four types validation: (a) covert implicit, (b) but embedded, (c) overt functional (d) institutional. Based this classification, I problematise widespread view that there is little in formal ...