In this review, we explore how reward signals shape perceptual learning in animals and humans. Perceptual learning is the well-established phenomenon by which extensive practice elicits selective improvement in one's perceptual discrimination of basic visual features, such as oriented lines or moving stimuli. While perceptual learning has long been thought to rely on 'top-down' processes, such ...

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders which is characterized by poor attention and subsequently lower learning capacities comparing with normal children. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of neurofeedback and perceptual-motor exercises as two common non-pharmacological treatments on visual...

this paper compared the efficacy of these two methods on retention, understanding and problem solving in the biology keeping in the mind the fact that student's learning style has a role as a moderator variable. the intervening effects on retention, understanding and problem solving were measured by two academic achievement tests that those have the confirmable validity and reliability indexes....

Abstract: Perceptual learning has classically been described as an improvement in sensitivity to a trained stimulus in a particular location in the visual field. However, the specificity of traditional perceptual learning makes it difficult to ascertain its relevance to real-world instances of perceptual expertise. Although more recent work has investigated the ability of perceptual learning to...

Perceptual learning consists of long-lasting changes to an organismʼs perceptual system that improve its ability to respond to its environment in specific ways. These changes persist over time; more ephemeral perceptual changes are typically considered to be adaptation, attentional processes, or strategy shifts, rather than perceptual learning. These changes are due to environmental inputs; per...

OBJECTIVE Subjects with functional dyspepsia (FD) in most previous studies have been confined to those who sought medical consultation. The generalizability of results from these studies to individuals with FD who do not seek medical consultation is limited. This study examined 1) differences in perceptual and behavioral characteristics between "nonconsulters" and "consulters" with FD and 2) th...

Performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) has been interpreted as a reflection of local/global perceptual style, weak central coherence and/or field independence, as well as a measure of intelligence and executive function. The variable ways in which EFT findings have been interpreted demonstrate that the construct validity of this measure is unclear. In order to address this lack of clari...

One of the principal debates in the ®eld of individual di€erences in `learning style' (often used to include cognitive style) has centred around the proliferation of constructs and measures, many of which have been developed with little regard for extant theories and instruments. This study explored the construct validity of learning style as operationalised in the Learning Styles Inventory (LS...