By the 1960s many, perhaps most, philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ – the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what counts as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many, perhaps most, physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ – they hold that entities considered by ...

Since its introduction just over two decades ago, evidence-based medicine (EBM) has come to dominate medical practice, teaching, and policy. There are a growing number of textbooks, journals, and websites dedicated to EBM research, teaching, and evidence dissemination. EBM was most recently defined as a method that integrates best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and...

 Undoubtedly, the twentieth century can be regarded as one of the richest periods of the history of philosophy and thought which globalized this tradition, generally, because of the spread of mass media and even the published books, and joined all vast and narrow streams, here and there, together and at their Juncture a big sea is formed which is the most important gain of the century. One of t...

Although there is no consensus on what distinguishes analytic from Continental philosophy, I focus in this paper on one source of disagreement that seems to run fairly deep in dividing these traditions in recent times, namely, disagreement about the relation of natural science to philosophy. I consider some of the exchanges about science that have taken place between analytic and Continental ph...

Pre-Confucian China Although there is evidence of advanced civilization in China in very ancient times, actual recorded history begins with the Shang dynasty, in the fourteenth century B.C.E. Available evidence indicates that this was an advanced civilization. For example, art from this period is quite sophisticated, even according to modern standards. This dynasty ended with the invasion by mo...

Should philosophy of race be taught as part a degree? This paper argues that it should. After surveying 1,166 modules on offer in 2019–2020, across forty-seven departments the United Kingdom, however, authors identified only one module devoted to race. The presents this challenge departments. It investigates possible reason for concerns staff research interests; indeed, reading 728 webpages twe...