the philosophy of kalam science is an external view about kalam that focuses on conceptual and confirmative principles like: definition, subject, the origins of emanation, approaches, historical stages, and other general criteria. from martyr motahharii’s point of view the function of kalam, as a completely islamic knowledge is the clarification of islamic proofs and defense of religious misgiv...

Abstract The philosopher Lev Shestov aimed to establish a new free way of thinking, which manifested itself as struggle against the delusion that we have rational grasp necessary truths on matters are greatest importance us, such questions life and death. Philosophy, Russian understood it, is not pure but ‘some kind inner doing, regeneration, or second birth’ (Shestov in Lektsii po Istorii Grec...

The subtitle of Robert Rowland Smith’s DeathDrive announces a ghostly Freudian haunting of literature and art. This visitation by Freud, coming without full authoritative presence, drives Smith to posit a compelling and creative – albeit strange and spectral – reading of aesthetics and its relations to death and the deathly. But Freud is not the only ghostly presence in this book, absent presen...